Запиши ответы

Прочитай текст и выполните задания 12–18. В каждом задании запиши в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному тобой варианту ответа.
Strategies and useful tips

1. Recommended time—15 min (not more).
2. Read the text carefully—you may need to read it, or parts of it, twice
3. Look at the first question.
4. Look back to the text and find/ highlight the part which the question refers to.
5. If you have time, think how this information might be rephrased (or how you would answer the question in your own words).
6. Look at the choices, and either choose the answer that you think is right or eliminate the ones you know are wrong.
7. Check against the text.

Multiple Discovery Theory

The concept of multiple discovery is the hypothesis that a great number of scientific discoveries and inventions are made simultaneously by multiple scientists and inventors. The radio is a vivid example of such simultaneous inventions.

The invention of the telegraph in 1844 made it possible to send messages using electricity. But it had one significant drawback—this type of communication required wires. Scientists began searching for a way to communicate wirelessly. A turning point occurred when in 1888 the German inventor Heinrich Hertz discovered radio waves. Hertz's experiments soon became known to scientists all over the world. It was obvious that these waves could be used for wireless communication and energy transmission.

Hertz himself probably doubted the possibility of practical use of radio waves for communication. The reason for that was the weak action of the waves in his experiments. It became clear that for the practical use of radio waves, it was necessary first of all to create a sensitive receiver. It was this task that the Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi and the Russian scientist Alexander Popov were engaged in. Popov was a contemporary of Marconi's, but the two scientists developed their inventions independently and without knowledge of the other's work.

On May 7, 1895, Popov demonstrated the effect of his device at a meeting of the Russian Physico-Chemical Society. This day is considered the birthday of the radio. Popov saw the main potential of his invention in its use for recording disturbances in the atmosphere. He created a lightning detector and in July 1895 installed it at the meteorological observatory in Saint Petersburg. It could detect thunderstorms up to 50 kilometres away.

Unfortunately, Popov never pursued a patent for the radio and never sought to commercialize his invention as a means of telecommunication. Neither did he publish his research results in a due way. He eventually abandoned the radio to turn his attention to the newly discovered Röntgen waves, also known as X-rays.

So the international credit goes to Marconi, who turned out to be more reasonable about intellectual property. Marconi filed for a British patent in 1896, which became the first application for a patent in radiotelegraphy, and went on to be known outside—Russia as the inventor of the radio. He raised capital—to commercialize his invention, built up a vast enterprise, and established a radio station. Marconi took every opportunity to promote his invention. For example, he helped His Majesty King Edward VII, then the Prince of Wales, who was to stay on board the royal yacht because of his injury, to establish wireless communication between the yacht and the land.

\(\boxed{12}\) According to the multiple discovery theory...

1. a scientist always carries out multiple projects simultaneously.

2. an invention can only be made if several people work on it.

3. several scientists can make the same invention at the same time.

4. every new invention makes multiple further discoveries possible.

Ответ: [ ].

\(\boxed{13}\) Why was Hertz's discovery important?

1. Because it helped to invent the telegraph.

2. Because radio waves had no drawbacks.

3. Because radio waves were a new source of power.

4. Because it could help to communicate wirelessly.

Ответ: [ ].

\(\boxed{14}\) Why was Hertz uncertain about the practical use of radio waves for communication?

1. Because he hadn't carried out any experiments.

2. Because he hadn't seen the desired effect.

3. Because it could be very expensive.

4. Because he was too weak to complete his project.

Ответ: [ ].

\(\boxed{15}\) Which statement is true about Popov and Marconi?

1. They lived in different epochs.

2. They were compatriots.

3. They weren't aware of the other's research and projects.

4. They discovered radio waves.

Ответ: [ ].

\(\boxed{16}\) Popov's detector could help people to...

1. forecast weather.

2. light buildings.

3. record music.

4. measure distances.

Ответ: [ ].

\(\boxed{17}\) What do we come to know about Alexander Popov from the text?

1. He managed to commercialise his invention of the radio.

2. He gave up further research in the field of radio because of new scientific interests.

3. He invented the X-ray machine.

4. The results of his research were duly recorded.

Ответ: [ ].

\(\boxed{18}\) Why does the international status of the radio inventor belong to Marconi?

1. Because he took care to patent his invention in a proper way.

2. Because he promoted his invention with the help of a member of the royal family.

3. Because he managed to make his invention profitable.

4. Because people in Russia agreed to acknowledge Marconi as the real inventor of the radio.

Ответ: [ ].