Задание
Rule: Reported speech
Reported Speech
It is used to report other people's words. Reported Speech can be direct and indirect.
Direct Speech:
"I don't think I have ever been here before. I didn't visit this place last year," said Laura.
Indirect Speech:
Laura said that she didn't think she had ever been there before. She hadn't visited that place the previous year.
When reporting somebody's words in indirect speech, we need to change:
tenses;
pronouns;
time;
place.
Tense and modal verbs changes
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
Present Simple
Past Simple
Present Continuous
Past Continuous
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
am/is/are going to
was/were going to
will
would
Past Simple
Past Perfect
Past Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
can
could
may
might
must/have to
had to
The tense is not changed:
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
Past Perfect
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
Determiner changes
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
this
that
these
those
Time and place changes
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
now
then
yesterday
the day before
last week
the week before
ago
before
next week
the following week
tomorrow
the following day
tonight
that night
here
there
Rule: Reported questions
Reported questions
They are used for reporting other people's questions.
Direct Speech:
"What is your mother tongue, Peter?" asked Jane.
Indirect Speech:
Jane asked Peter what his mother tongue was.
When reporting somebody's questions in indirect speech (in the past), we need to change:
tenses;
pronouns;
time;
place.
Tense and modal verbs changes:
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
Present Simple
Past Simple
Present Continuous
Past Continuous
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
am/is/are going to
was/were going to
will
would
Past Simple
Past Perfect
Past Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
can
could
may
might
must/have to
had to
The tense is not changed:
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
Past Perfect
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
Determiner changes:
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
this
that
these
those
Time and place changes:
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
now
then
yesterday
the day before
last week
the week before
ago
before
next week
the following week
tomorrow
the following day
tonight
that night
here
there
Word order:
In general questions (yes/no questions) we use if and a direct word order (a subject and a verb).
Direct Speech:
"Do you know anything about language barriers?" asked James.
Indirect Speech:
James asked if I knew anything about language barriers.
In special questions we use a question word and a direct word order (a subject and a verb).
Direct Speech:
"Where is your sister, Rick?" asked Kelly.
Indirect Speech:
Kelly asked Rick where his sister was.
Rule: Reporting verbs
Reporting verbs
verb + that
to claim
Jane claimed that it wasn't easy to create a bond between them.
to say
Kyle said that he was right.
to state
Tom stated that he had already done that.
to deny
Jessica denied that she had been in that place the day before.
to suggest
Jane suggested that they (should) leave right now.
verb + verb with the ending -ing
to suggest
Rick suggested going there together.
to deny
Linda denied hearing any strange noise.
verb + a person + full infinitive (to go)
to ask
Jane asked Sarah to tell her the truth about the accident.
to tell
Bill told Diana to close the window.
to order
Ingrid ordered her to come back immediately.
to command
Gary commanded them to speak louder.
Rule: Compound nouns
Compound nouns
Compound nouns consist of more than 1 word.
They are formed with the help of different parts of speech.
Possible patterns:
noun+noun: body language, x-ray, bathroom.
adjective+noun: personal space, greenhouse, small talk.
verb+noun: runway, showroom, drive inn.
There are three ways how we write compounds:
as one word: headphones, babysitter, website.
with a hyphen: well-being, self-control, e-mail.
as two words: eye contact, credit card, alarm clock.
A good learner's dictionary will tell you how to write this or that compound noun.
The plural form of countable compound nouns is made by adding -s to the last component of the noun: greenhouses, credit cards, e-mails.
We usually stress the first component of the noun: WEBsite, ALARM clock, X-ray.
However, some compound nouns have the stress on the last component: well-BEING, self-CONTROL, Prime MINister.
1. Choose the correct options
Tom said that the parcel by their service .
Harry said that he at the station at 7 o'clock sharp .
The teacher that the students great progress recently.
Sarah claimed she all her tasks by the end of the working day .
Steven asked us so late .
Mr Thompson asked us busy .
James what language with a tutor .
Roger asked us 5 years for the first time.
Mr Green them to run faster.
Kyle visiting their friend all together.
2. Complete the gaps with the words given. Make changes in spelling or/and number where necessary
house being phone language wife contact control card
These plants can only be grown in a due to their growing conditions.
Mrs Smith was a who was bringing up three children.
Linda says that bad news can seriously affect her emotional .
Mr. Brown prefers to pay in cash, not by .
They always use wireless when listening to music.
One needs to learn gestures in order to understand it.
Kate says it always takes almost all her not to lose her temper when she talks to Mr Green.
Jessica is so shy that it is not always easy to make with her.