Read the text. Six phrases have been removed from the text. Choose from the phrases the one which fits each gap \(1\-6\). There is one extra phrase which you do not need to use.

England faces a range of environmental challenges, many of which are tied to urbanization, 1. ... , and the growing impact of climate change. One of the most significant issues is air pollution, particularly in large cities like London. Vehicle emissions, industrial activities, and the use of fossil fuels contribute to poor air quality, with nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter posing serious health risks.
Flooding has become more frequent in England, exacerbated by 2. ... and poor land management. Rising sea levels and increased rainfall have led to 3. ... in recent years, particularly in low-lying areas and coastal towns. The damage to homes, infrastructure, and agricultural land has prompted calls for better flood defenses and sustainable water management practices.
Waste management is another concern, with the growing volume of waste, particularly plastic, overwhelming landfills and 4. ... and coastal waters. Although recycling efforts have improved, England still faces challenges in reducing waste production and managing its disposal effectively.
Biodiversity loss is also a pressing issue, as 5. ... , intensive farming, and urban sprawl threaten wildlife. Efforts are underway to protect natural areas, restore wetlands, and promote sustainable farming practices, but more 6. ... are needed to address the country's environmental challenges.