Задание
Seven sentences in the texts are incomplete. Choose from the list (a-h) the one which fits each gap (1-7). There is one extra letter which you do not need to use.
a)refusing belief in anything that is not tangible
b)to suffer in life is actually an error in our judgment
c) sense of not harming others because you do not want to be harmed
d) just treatment of others
e) the belief in equal rights under the law
f) on the infinite power of the human mind
g) the world is what we make of it
h) were and remain “life, liberty, and estate”
JOHN LOCKE
The most important thinker of modern politics is most directly responsible for Thomas Jefferson’s rhetoric in the Declaration of Independence, and the rhetoric in the U.S. Constitution. John Locke is referred to as the “Father of Liberalism,” because he developed the principles of humanism and individual freedom. It is said that liberalism proper, (1) ______________, begins with Locke. He penned the phrase “government with the consent of the governed.” His three “natural rights,” that is, rights innate to all human beings, (2) _____________.
EPICURUS
He has been reputed unfairly over the centuries as a teacher of self-indulgence and excess delight. He was soundly criticized by a lot of Christian polemicists, especially during the Middle Ages, because he was thought to be an atheist whose principles for a happy life were passed down in this famous set of statements: “Don’t fear god; don’t worry about death; what is good is easy to get; what is terrible is easy to endure.” He advocated the principle of (3) _____, including any god. Epicurus’ idea of living happily centred on (4) ____, avoidance of pain and living in such a way as to please oneself, but not to overindulge in anything.
ZENO OF CITIUM
You may not be as familiar with him as with most of the others on this list, but Zeno founded the school of Stoicism. Stoicism comes from the Greek stoa, which is a roofed colonnade. Stoicism is based on the idea that anything which causes us (5) ____________, and that we should always have absolute control over our emotions. Rage, elation, and depression are all simple flaws in a person’s reason, and thus, we are only emotionally weak when we allow ourselves to be. Put another way, (6) _____________.
RENE DESCARTES
Descartes lived from 1596 to 1650, and today he is referred to as “the Father of Modern Philosophy.” He advocated dualism, which is very basically defined as the power of the mind over the body: strength is derived by ignoring the weaknesses of the human physique and relying (7) ______________. Descartes’ most famous statement, now practically the motto of existentialism, is: “I think, therefore I am.” This is not meant to prove the existence of one’s body. Quite the opposite, it is meant to prove the existence of one’s mind.