Read and match the headings (A-H) to the numbered paragraphs (1-7) of the text. Use each heading once. There is one extra heading. F Not only this, but climate change is causing problems, too. As winter comes later and ends earlier. It can be difficult for the Nenets to cross areas of land that are only accessible in winter. G Despite all this, many Nenets choose to stay in the tundra, as they can earn a better income than in the villages. They enjoy the freedom of the nomadic lifestyle. As a result, the population of the Nenets and their herds are still growing as they adapt to the new world around them. E It may sound like an idyllic life in the beautiful surroundings, but the Nenets’ age-old way of life is increasingly under threat. Under the Arctic tundra, the huge gas reserves lie (about a quarter of the reserves in the whole world!) which have brought the development of new roads, railways and pipelines. As a result, the reindeer pastures are shrinking. C The home of a Nenets family is called a ‘chum’. It’s a teepee that is made of reindeer skins and is stretched over long wooden poles. Inside, there is an open fire for cooking and heating water in the centre of the chum. The chum and its site are split into male space and female space and there are many rules concerning each man and each woman. Women, for example, are not allowed to step over any ropes whereas men should not touch any floorboards or tent poles! B The Nenets supply their diet by hunting and fishing, but mostly they owe their survival to the reindeer they herd. Their herds range in size from 50 in the small private herds, to about 7,000 in the largest state farm. Apart from providing reindeer meat to sell, the animals are a source of food, shelter, clothing and transport. A On the earth, there are few more challenging environments than the home of the Nenets reindeer herders of the Yamal Peninsula in Western Siberia. These nomads, the last of their kind, move huge herds of reindeer over a thousand kilometres to keep one step ahead of the biting cold each year. They cross the world’s fifth-largest river, the River Ob when it freezes. They endure winter temperatures that can be -50 ̊C. But to them, this is all just part of a routine that they and their ancestors have been following for many hundreds of years. The extra heading is ... D The Nenets have a strong cultural identity and work ethic. The men mostly look after the reindeer, while the women control domestic issues. Most Nenets people speak Russian. Their children are sent to boarding schools, but amongst themselves, they speak a language related to Estonian and Finnish. 1 Construction bringing challenges 8 The living space 7 Shifting seasons 5 An extreme lifestyle 6 Responsibilities and expectations 2 Couldn’t live without them 4 Working and relaxing 3 Not put off by the problems
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Задание

Read and match the headings \(A\-H\) to the numbered paragraphs \(1\-7\) of the text. Use each heading once. There is one extra heading.

  • Объекты 1
    • F Not only this, but climate change is causing problems, too. As winter comes later and ends earlier. It can be difficult for the Nenets to cross areas of land that are only accessible in winter.
    • G Despite all this, many Nenets choose to stay in the tundra, as they can earn a better income than in the villages. They enjoy the freedom of the nomadic lifestyle. As a result, the population of the Nenets and their herds are still growing as they adapt to the new world around them.
    • E It may sound like an idyllic life in the beautiful surroundings, but the Nenets’ age-old way of life is increasingly under threat. Under the Arctic tundra, the huge gas reserves lie \(about a quarter of the reserves in the whole world\!\) which have brought the development of new roads, railways and pipelines. As a result, the reindeer pastures are shrinking.
    • C The home of a Nenets family is called a ‘chum’. It’s a teepee that is made of reindeer skins and is stretched over long wooden poles. Inside, there is an open fire for cooking and heating water in the centre of the chum. The chum and its site are split into male space and female space and there are many rules concerning each man and each woman. Women, for example, are not allowed to step over any ropes whereas men should not touch any floorboards or tent poles!
    • B The Nenets supply their diet by hunting and fishing, but mostly they owe their survival to the reindeer they herd. Their herds range in size from 50 in the small private herds, to about 7,000 in the largest state farm. Apart from providing reindeer meat to sell, the animals are a source of food, shelter, clothing and transport.
    • A On the earth, there are few more challenging environments than the home of the Nenets reindeer herders of the Yamal Peninsula in Western Siberia. These nomads, the last of their kind, move huge herds of reindeer over a thousand kilometres to keep one step ahead of the biting cold each year. They cross the world’s fifth-largest river, the River Ob when it freezes. They endure winter temperatures that can be -50 ̊C. But to them, this is all just part of a routine that they and their ancestors have been following for many hundreds of years.
    • The extra heading is ...
    • D The Nenets have a strong cultural identity and work ethic. The men mostly look after the reindeer, while the women control domestic issues. Most Nenets people speak Russian. Their children are sent to boarding schools, but amongst themselves, they speak a language related to Estonian and Finnish.
  • Объекты 2
    • 1 Construction bringing challenges
    • 8 The living space
    • 7 Shifting seasons
    • 5 An extreme lifestyle
    • 6 Responsibilities and expectations
    • 2 Couldn’t live without them
    • 4 Working and relaxing
    • 3 Not put off by the problems

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