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Прочитай текст и выполни задания 12–18. В каждом задании запиши в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному тобой варианту ответа.
Strategies and useful tips

1. Recommended time is 15 min (not more).
2. Read the text carefully. You may need to read it, or parts of it, twice.
3. Look at the first question.
4. Look back to the text and find/highlight the part which the question refers to.
5. If you have time, think how this information might be rephrased (or how you would answer the question in your own words).
6. Look at the choices and either choose the answer that you think is right or eliminate the ones you know are wrong.
7. Check against the text.

Parenting 100 Years Ago

It is difficult for modern parents to raise children in a fast-moving world. But at different times, parents faced different problems in raising children. Parenting a hundred years ago now seems very strange to many.

Parents try to shelter their children from bad weather and the risk of colds. But before raising children and caring for them was mainly in the fresh air. From the earliest years to adolescence, children spent all their free time outdoors. They even ate and slept outdoors. It was believed that this helps them to maintain immunity because a hundred years ago little was known about the effective treatment of diseases. They tried to anticipate them before their manifestation.

The lack of medicines was often replaced by alcohol and what is now referred to as drugs. For example, to reduce pain in the gums during teething. Nowadays honey is considered an allergenic product, but before it was used to accustom a child to a nipple. Children of the past were also capricious and then doctors advised to give children tranquillisers which are currently classified as strong sedatives and drugs. For example, opium.

One of the ways of upbringing was ignoring. It was believed that this way the child would be more independent and it would bring up character in him. So parents did not resort to the baby if they heard crying. They did not calm down at the first cry. In addition, little children were not picked up, not kissed and hugged. It is surprising that now psychoanalysts on the contrary say with one voice that children's desires and needs in affection cannot be ignored. On the contrary, the child needs to be hugged and comforted as much as possible. After all, a hopeless child crying for a broken toy is a trifle for us, but for a child it is a disaster. It is impossible to leave the child on the sole of his problem. It is important to give a child as much affection as possible. This is important for a favourable background and emotional state. And for health.

In general, the upbringing of the last century was different in that all the rules were reduced to the fact that they fit all parents. Now they say that every family and every child is individual and there are no universal tips for everyone. In addition, there are no clear schemes and schedules in upbringing. It is impossible to feed children according to the schedule as the train departs. Children are the same people, only still small.

\(\boxed{12}\) Children of the last century were kept outdoors because...

1. the house was damp and dusty.

2. so they could get sick less.

3. the weather a hundred years ago was more comfortable.

4. there were many guests in the house.

Ответ: [ ].

\(\boxed{13}\) According to the text, alcohol in the early 20th century...

1. was banned for children.

2. sometimes was used for treatment.

3. was not used for the preparation of medicines.

4. was inaccessible to ordinary people.

Ответ: [ ].

\(\boxed{14}\) According to the text, modern drugs 100 years ago were used to...

1. calm the baby down.

2. treat from colds.

3. like a powder.

4. as a food additive.

Ответ: [ ].

\(\boxed{15}\) According to the text, previously, it was believed that it was impossible to grow a character without...

1. ignoring.

2. beatings.

3. punishments.

4. candies'.

Ответ: [ ].

\(\boxed{16}\) Methods of a century ago...

1. they are still used today.

2. are stupid and irrelevant.

3. described by many psychologists as a standard.

4. are primitive.

Ответ: [ ].

\(\boxed{17}\) Modern methods of psychological comfort call for...

1. ignoring the needs of the child.

2. leaving the child alone with his problems.

3. constant support and physical contacts.

4. parenting with the help of nannies.

Ответ: [ ].

\(\boxed{18}\) The model of upbringing differed from the modern one in that...

1. it was distinguished by cruelty.

2. it was much more correct and logical.

3. it allowed to raise a child prodigy.

4. it was considered universal and correct for everyone.

Ответ: [ ].