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Прочитай текст и выполни задания 12–18. В каждом задании запиши в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному тобой варианту ответа.
Strategies and useful tips
- Recommended time is 15 min (not more).
- Read the text carefully. You may need to read it, or parts of it, twice.
- Look at the first question.
- Look back to the text and find/highlight the part which the question refers to.
- If you have time, think how this information might be rephrased (or how you would answer the question in your own words).
- Look at the choices, and either choose the answer that you think is right or eliminate the ones you know are wrong.
- Check against the text.
The Moscow Kremlin
The Moscow Kremlin is a fortress in the centre of the Russian capital. This is the main sociopolitical and artistic complex of the city and the official residence of the President of the Russian Federation. The Kremlin is located on the high left bank of the Moskva River.
It is known that on Borovitsky Hill, where the main symbol of Moscow is today, the first settlements arose in the Bronze Age. Finno-Ugric tribes lived here, they were replaced by Vyatichi. By the beginning of the 10th century, a large fortified settlement appeared on this territory — being at the intersection of two land routes, it was actively growing and developing.
In 1156, Prince Yuri Dolgorukiy founded a wooden fortress here, but, together with other buildings, it was destroyed during the Tatar-Mongol invasion. Later, the oak towers and fortress walls were rebuilt, and, during the reign of Ivan Kalita, the first stone church was also built — the prototype of the current Assumption Cathedral.
In 1367, the Moscow Kremlin, which still existed in the form of a wooden fortress, was surrounded by powerful walls of white limestone — since then it has been called "white stone". And from 1485 and over the next decade, famous towers and palaces appeared here one after another. Prince Ivan III began with the reconstruction of the dilapidated Assumption Cathedral and completed the work by rebuilding the entire Kremlin after which it acquired an architectural appearance close to the modern one.
The Moscow Kremlin had to endure serious trials at the beginning of the 19th century during the coming of Napoleon. Retreating from Moscow, he ordered to blow up his palaces and towers. Not all mined buildings were blown up, but several towers and the Arsenal still had to be rebuilt from scratch. Once again, the Kremlin was seriously damaged in the first years of Soviet power, when of the 54 buildings that existed inside the fortress, only 26 remained, and even those were turned into residential and government premises.
Since 1955, the Kremlin has ceased to be a closed object — tourists have opened access to most of the historical buildings. Since then, several museums have been organised here, and in 1990 the entire fortress as a historical site was included in the international UNESCO list.
\(\boxed{12}\) The Kremlin is located
on the right bank of the Moskva River
on the outskirts of Moscow
on the left bank of the Moskva River
in the north of Moscow
Ответ: [ ].
\(\boxed{13}\) The first settlements on Borovitsky Hill appeared in
the Stone Age
the Bronze Age
the Neolithic period
Ответ: [ ].
\(\boxed{14}\) The wooden fortress built by Dolgorukiy was destroyed
by Napoleon
by the Tatar-Mongols
by Soviet authority
by Hitler
Ответ: [ ].
\(\boxed{15}\) During whose reign was the first stone church built?
Peter the Great
Yury Dolgorukiy
Ivan the Terrible
Ivan Kalita
Ответ: [ ].
\(\boxed{16}\) The Kremlin acquired an architectural appearance close to the modern one under
Ivan III
Yury Dolgorukiy
Ivan Kalita
Ivan the Terrible
Ответ: [ ].
\(\boxed{17}\) What happened to the Kremlin in 1955?
It was open to tourists.
It was destroyed.
It has been updated.
New chambers were built.
Ответ: [ ].
\(\boxed{18}\) The Kremlin was included in the UNESCO list in
1900
1990
1909
1099
Ответ: [ ].