Probability and Possibility We can use modal verbs for deduction: guessing if something is true using the available information. The modal verb we choose shows how certain we are about the possibility. We use must have + past participle when we feel sure about what happened. E.g. I called him, but he didn't answer. Hemust have forgotten the phone. We can use might have or may have + past participle when we think it's possible that something happened. E.g. Oh, no! Look at my vase! It's broken. Itmight have been the cat that broke it while playing. We use can't have and couldn't have + past participle when we think it's not possible that something happened. E.g. Where is Allie? Shecan't have missed the bus. I hope she is fine. Criticism and Disapproval We use should have + past participle when we expected something to happen but we don't know if it happened or not, and to say what the best thing to do in the past was. E.g. Where is the milk? Youshould have bought it on the way home! (But you didn't.) could go could have gone couldn't go couldn't have gone can't have played can't play must have been must sleep should have come should come 1 We to Italy on holiday if we save enough money. We to Greece last holiday, but you decided to buy a new laptop. 2 Nick to a school play last week because he was ill. Nick to the shopping centre again! He will never save up for a new laptop that way! 3 He in the football match. He has broken his leg! He football, but he is good at playing the piano. 4 A: I called you last night at 10 p.m. B: Hmm, I asleep at that time. Billy! It's 12 o'clock already. You at this time. 5 You to my birthday party. Why didn't you? If you want to meet new people, you to the parties you are invited to.
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Probability and Possibility

We can use modal verbs for deduction: guessing if something is true using the available information. The modal verb we choose shows how certain we are about the possibility.

We use must have + past participle when we feel sure about what happened.

E.g. I called him, but he didn't answer. He must have forgotten the phone.

We can use might have or may have + past participle when we think it's possible that something happened.

E.g. Oh, no! Look at my vase! It's broken. It might have been the cat that broke it while playing.

We use can't have and couldn't have + past participle when we think it's not possible that something happened.

E.g. Where is Allie? She can't have missed the bus. I hope she is fine.

Criticism and Disapproval

We use should have + past participle when we expected something to happen but we don't know if it happened or not, and to say what the best thing to do in the past was.

E.g. Where is the milk? You should have bought it on the way home! (But you didn't.)

  • could go
  • could have gone
  • couldn't go
  • couldn't have gone
  • can't have played
  • can't play
  • must have been
  • must sleep
  • should have come
  • should come

1

We [ ] to Italy on holiday if we save enough money.

We [ ] to Greece last holiday, but you decided to buy a new laptop.

2

Nick [ ] to a school play last week because he was ill.

Nick [ ] to the shopping centre again! He will never save up for a new laptop that way!

3

He [ ] in the football match. He has broken his leg!

He [ ] football, but he is good at playing the piano.

4

A: I called you last night at 10 p.m.

B: Hmm, I [ ] asleep at that time.

Billy! It's 12 o'clock already. You [ ] at this time.

5

You [ ] to my birthday party. Why didn't you?

If you want to meet new people, you [ ] to the parties you are invited to.

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