Read the text and fill in the gaps with the right phrases. There is ONE EXTRA phrase you don’t need to use.

Diseases
For thousands of years, there were no epidemic diseases. However, ... , infections could spread more easily. When traders and armies travelled from city to city, they brought bacteria and viruses with them and spread infections to new populations. ... : in the nineteenth century, 50 % of children died before the age of five.
... : bacteria or viruses are passed on by coughing, sneezing or by touching food with infected hands. People began to understand this as early as the 1300s. Between 1346 and 1350, more than one third of the population of Europe was killed by the bubonic plague \(Black Death\). During the plague in Milan, ... the clothes of plague victims were burned.
When Europeans arrived in America in 1492, they brought their infectious diseases with them. The natives of the Americas were not immune to these diseases). Eight million people died on the island of Hispaniola, where Columbus first landed; the native population of Mexico decreased by 95%. In the nineteenth century, Ignaz Semmelweiss observed that infection was spread by doctors’ dirty hands and ... .
Another way of avoiding disease was quarantine – ...
Vaccines were first used in the eighteenth century. In 1796, Edward Jenner vaccinated people against smallpox. Nowadays, in many countries, ... , such as measles or tuberculosis.