Задание

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The "Grand Narrative"

In the 19th century, history became increasingly important and 30.___________ on the quality of destiny. Arrogantly, European civilisation saw itself as the goal to which all history had been progressing and constructed narratives that 31.___________ sense of the past in those terms. The German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831) articulated a grand scheme of history as a logical development, which culminated in the endpoint of the Prussian state. Philosopher and social revolutionary Karl Marx (1818–1883) later 32.___________ Hegel's scheme into his own theory ("historical materialism"), in which he claimed that economic progress would inevitably one day result 33.___________ the proletariat seizing power from the bourgeoisie, while the capitalist world order collapsed under its own inner contradictions. 34.___________, Marx took Hegel's ideas and changed them in order to make them suitable 35.___________ his purposes. Arguably, Marxism was to prove the most influential and durable of all historical "grand narratives". Like other areas of knowledge, in the 19th century history underwent professionalisation and became an academic discipline. Academic history made its 36.___________ through bureaucracy and achieved the status of a science, and were put into effect. A gap opened up between "serious" history — often heavy on economic statistics — and the colorful literary works of popular historians, such as Jules Michelet (1798–1874) and Thomas Macaulay (1800–1859).

30. 1) took 2) gave 3) put 4) got

31. 1) did 2) made 3) created 4) gave

32. 1) adapted 2) modified 3) matched 4) adopted

33. 1) in 2) from 3) out 4) to

34. 1) Regardless 2) Otherwise 3) However 4) In other words

35. 1) by 2) for 3) with 4) at

36. 1) journey 2) path 3) way 4) life