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The end of Julius Caesar

On March 15, 44 BC, the life of Julius Caesar, dictator of Rome, 19.___________(COME) to a bloody end at the hands of a faction of aristocratic senators who were determined 20.___________(RESCUE) the Roman Republic from what they saw as Caesar's tyranny. In reality, the dictator's death did not save the Republic: it merely unleashed the 21.___________(LATE) in a series of civil wars, which exhausted the Roman state. The Empire 22.___________(LEAVE) powerless to prevent the rise of Caesar's great-nephew Octavian. Taking the title Augustus, Octavian created a new political arrangement that enabled him to rule as Emperor, bringing the 500-year-old Roman Republic to an end.

Cryptography

The first work on cryptography was written **** in the 13th century. By the 15th century, cyphers were widely used in diplomatic correspondence.

In 1466, Italian painter and philosopher Leon Battista Alberti developed a cypher disk that allowed polyalphabetic substitution. Each new rotation of the disk produced an entirely new alphabet for coding.

Modern cryptography 23.___________(BE) the cornerstone of computer and communications security. Now, it is based on mathematical theory and computer science practice. And most specialists are sure that the need for cryptography will continue to grow as the amount of data that should be secured 24.___________(INCREASE) each year.

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