A structural connection
a structural connection — the connection based on the way the words/sentences are built or organised

• a subordinate clause — a group of words that can't stand alone, but adds information to the main sentence.
  For example, when she comes back in the sentence I don't know when she comes back is a subordinate clause.
• a disconnected phrase — a phrase consisting of words not connected with each other immediately, but structurally.
  For example, as soon... as... in the sentence I'll come back home as soon... as possible.
• a linking word/logical link — a word which shows a connection between clauses or sentences.
  For example, However, ..., Moreover, ....

1. Read the sentences and tick the right category for the word(s) in bold

The world faces various environmental problems today. However, there are still many places untouched by human activity.

• disconnected phrase
• a subordinate clause
• a logical link
• a verb or verb form

I don't know when this endangered animal protection programme started its work.

• disconnected phrase
• a subordinate clause
• a logical link
• a verb or verb form

Mark has read a lot about nature protection. Therefore, he strives to use energy-saving appliances and avoids disposable packaging.

• disconnected phrase
• a subordinate clause
• a logical link
• a verb or verb form

Many countries are moving towards using wind and water energy, because the use of alternative energy sources saves natural resources and reduces environmental pollution.

• disconnected phrase
• a subordinate clause
• a logical link
• a verb or verb form

Measures to eliminate the natural disaster will be taken as soon as possible, says the representatives of the nature conservation department.

• disconnected phrase
• a subordinate clause
• a logical link
• a verb or verb form

This foundation has been participating in the Rainforest ecosystem protection programme since 1978.

• disconnected phrase
• a subordinate clause
• a logical link
• a verb or verb form

People are trying to solve various environmental issues. Although many measures have been taken to protect the environment, some experts believe that this may not be enough.

• disconnected phrase
• a subordinate clause
• a logical link
• a verb or verb form

2. Read the pairs of sentences and choose what the word(s) in bold in the second sentence introduce(s)

3. On the one hand, the use of paper cups does not pollute the environment, as they are biodegradable.
   On the other hand, their production requires a lot of resources.
   [contrast
   |supporting argument|result]

4. Mary has already joined a litter collection campaign.
   Consequently, she was unable to take part in the tree planting campaign that began on the same day.
   [contrast
   |supporting argument|result]

5. Ed stopped using disposable tableware because it isn't eco-friendly.
   Besides, he claims it's cheaper since you buy things once and reuse them.
   [contrast
   |supporting argument|result]

6. The damage to the environment and nature loss due to environmental pollution is enormous.
   Therefore, it is necessary to raise awareness and protect nature so that the consequences are not so serious.
   [contrast
   |supporting argument|result]

7. Some people believe that electric cars are one of the solutions to the current environmental problems.
   On the contrary, others believe that their production and disposal can cause irreparable harm to nature.
   [contrast
   |supporting argument|result]

8. She reads a lot about charitable projects aimed at helping people in difficult life situations.
   Moreover, she donates some money when she has enough of it.
   [contrast
   |supporting argument|result]

9. James arrived at the conference a few hours before it started.
   Therefore, he managed to revise the text of his report and prepare properly.
   [contrast
   |supporting argument|result]