10. Установи соответствие между текстами A–G и заголовками 1–8. Занеси свои ответы в поле ответа. Используй каждую цифру только один раз. В задании один заголовок лишний.
1. Affected by the colour of the screen
2. What do we usually feel in our dreams?
3. Universal dreams
4. Controlling your dreams
5. The length of a dream
6. Mostly colourless dreams
7. Forgetting dreams
8. Gender differences
A. We spend roughly one-third of our lives sleeping — and during that time, we dream. The first thing that you should know about dreaming is that everybody dreams. Adults and babies alike dream for around two hours per night — even if they don't remember it upon waking. In fact, researchers have found that people usually have several dreams each night, each one typically lasting for between five to 20 minutes.
B. According to one theory about why dreams are so difficult to remember, the changes in the brain that occur during sleep do not support the information processing and storage needed for memory formation to take place. Brain scans of sleeping individuals have shown that the frontal lobes — the area that plays a key role in memory formation — are inactive during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, the stage in which dreaming occurs.
C. While most people report dreaming in colour, roughly 12 percent of people claim to dream only in black and white. In studies where dreamers have been awakened and asked to select colours from a chart that match those in their dreams, soft pastel colours are the most frequently chosen. People who are under the age of 25 rarely report dreaming in black and white. People over the age of 55, however, report black and white dreams about 25 percent of the time. Researchers believe that this difference is a result of childhood exposure to black and white television. This idea is supported by an older study, which found that people in the 1940s rarely reported dreaming in colour.
D. Researchers have found some differences between men and women when it comes to the content of their dreams. In several studies, men reported dreaming about weapons significantly more often than women did, while women dreamed about references to clothing more often than men. Another study showed that men's dreams tend to have more aggressive content and physical activity. When it comes to the characters that typically appear in dreams, men dream about other men twice as often as they do about women, while women tend to dream about both sexes equally.
E. Over a period of more than 40 years, researcher Calvin S. Hall, PhD, collected over 50,000 dream accounts from college students. These reports were made available to the public during the 1990s by Hall's student William Domhoff. The dream accounts revealed that many emotions are experienced during dreams. The most common emotion is anxiety, and negative emotions, in general, are much more common than positive ones.
F. A lucid dream is one in which you are aware that you are dreaming even though you're still asleep. Lucid dreaming is thought to be a combination state of both consciousness and REM sleep, during which you can often direct or manage the dream content. Researchers say that people can use various techniques to learn how to realise that they are dreaming.
G. While dreams are often heavily influenced by our personal experiences, researchers have found that certain dream themes are very common across different cultures. For example, people from all over the world frequently dream about being chased, being attacked, or falling. Other common dream experiences include feeling frozen and unable to move, arriving late, flying, and being naked in public.
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